Timeline Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 117

• 1901 Emil von Behring wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901 Emil von Behring, for serum therapy against diphtheria — the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• 1902 Ronald Ross wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902 Ronald Ross, for showing how the malaria parasite enters the body through the mosquito.
• 1903 Niels Finsen wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen, for treating lupus vulgaris with concentrated light — the start of light therapy.
• 1904 Ivan Pavlov wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 Ivan Pavlov, for his work on the physiology of digestion.
• 1905 Robert Koch wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 Robert Koch, for his investigations and discoveries on tuberculosis.
• 1906 Golgi and Ramón y Cajal win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906 Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal, for their work on the structure of the nervous system.
• 1907 Alphonse Laveran wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, for showing that protozoa such as the malaria parasite cause disease.
• 1908 Metchnikoff and Ehrlich win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908 Élie Metchnikoff and Paul Ehrlich, for their work on immunity.
• 1909 Theodor Kocher wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909 Emil Theodor Kocher, for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland.
• 1910 Albrecht Kossel wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910 Albrecht Kossel, for his work on cell chemistry, proteins and nucleic acids.
• 1911 Allvar Gullstrand wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911 Allvar Gullstrand, for his work on how the eye refracts light.
• 1912 Alexis Carrel wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912 Alexis Carrel, for his work on suturing blood vessels and transplanting organs.
• 1913 Charles Richet wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913 Charles Richet, for his work on anaphylaxis.
• 1914 Robert Bárány wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914 Robert Bárány, for his work on the physiology and pathology of the balance organ in the inner ear. Awarded in 1915 while he was a prisoner of war in Russia.
• 1919 Jules Bordet wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919 Jules Bordet, for his discoveries on immunity.
• 1920 August Krogh wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920 August Krogh, for discovering how capillaries regulate blood flow in muscle.
• 1922 Hill and Meyerhof win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922 Archibald Hill for heat production in muscle, and Otto Meyerhof for the link between oxygen use and lactic acid in muscle. Awarded in 1923 as the 1922 prize.
• 1923 Nobel Prize awarded for the discovery of insulin Frederick Banting and John Macleod honored for diabetes treatment The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Frederick Banting and John Macleod for the discovery of insulin, first isolated at the University of Toronto in 1921-22. Banting shared his prize money with colleague Charles Best, whom he felt had been unfairly excluded. Insulin therapy transformed diabetes from a fatal diagnosis into a manageable condition.
• 1924 Willem Einthoven wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924 Willem Einthoven, for discovering the mechanism of the electrocardiogram (ECG).
• 1926 Johannes Fibiger wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926 Johannes Fibiger, for his claimed discovery of a parasite that causes cancer — later shown to be wrong. Awarded in 1927 as the 1926 prize.
• 1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg, for treating paralytic dementia by inducing malaria.
• 1928 Charles Nicolle wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928 Charles Nicolle, for showing that lice transmit typhus.
• 1929 Eijkman and Hopkins win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929 Christiaan Eijkman for discovering the antineuritic vitamin, and Frederick Gowland Hopkins for growth-stimulating vitamins.
• 1930 Karl Landsteiner wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930 Karl Landsteiner, for discovering the human blood groups.
• 1931 Otto Warburg wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg, for discovering the nature and action of the respiratory enzyme.
• 1932 Sherrington and Adrian win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932 Charles Sherrington and Edgar Adrian, for their discoveries on the functions of neurons.
• 1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan, for discovering the role of chromosomes in heredity.
• 1934 Whipple, Minot and Murphy win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934 George Whipple, George Minot and William Murphy, for liver therapy against anaemia.
• 1935 Hans Spemann wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935 Hans Spemann, for discovering the organiser effect in embryonic development.
• 1936 Dale and Loewi win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936 Henry Dale and Otto Loewi, for discoveries on the chemical transmission of nerve impulses.
• 1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi, for discoveries on biological combustion, especially vitamin C.
• 1938 Corneille Heymans wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938 Corneille Heymans, for discovering how the sinus and aortic mechanisms regulate breathing. Awarded in 1939 as the 1938 prize.
• 1939 Gerhard Domagk wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939 Gerhard Domagk, for discovering the antibacterial effect of prontosil, the first sulfa drug. The Nazi regime forced him to decline.
• 1943 Dam and Doisy win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943 Henrik Dam for discovering vitamin K, and Edward Doisy for its chemical nature. Awarded in 1944 as the 1943 prize.
• 1944 Erlanger and Gasser win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944 Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Gasser, for discoveries on the different functions of single nerve fibres.
• 1945 Fleming, Chain and Florey win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945 Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey, for discovering penicillin and its curative effect in infectious diseases.
• 1946 Hermann Muller wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 Hermann Joseph Muller, for discovering that X-rays cause mutations.
• 1947 Cori, Cori and Houssay win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 Carl and Gerty Cori for how glycogen is converted in the body, and Bernardo Houssay for the role of the pituitary hormone in sugar metabolism.
• 1948 Paul Müller wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948 Paul Hermann Müller, for discovering that DDT is a highly effective poison against insects.
• 1949 Hess and Moniz win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949 Walter Hess for how the interbrain coordinates internal organs, and Egas Moniz for the lobotomy in certain psychoses.
• 1950 Kendall, Hench and Reichstein win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950 Edward Kendall, Philip Hench and Tadeusz Reichstein, for discoveries on the hormones of the adrenal cortex, including cortisone.
• 1951 Max Theiler wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951 Max Theiler, born in South Africa, for his work on yellow fever and its vaccine.
• 1952 Selman Waksman wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952 Selman Waksman, for discovering streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.
• 1953 Krebs and Lipmann win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 Hans Krebs for discovering the citric acid cycle, and Fritz Lipmann for coenzyme A.
• 1954 Enders, Weller and Robbins win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954 John Enders, Thomas Weller and Frederick Robbins, for growing the poliomyelitis virus in tissue culture.
• 1955 Hugo Theorell wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955 Axel Hugo Theorell, for discoveries on the nature and action of oxidation enzymes.
• 1956 Cournand, Forssmann and Richards win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956 André Cournand, Werner Forssmann and Dickinson Richards, for heart catheterisation and the study of changes in the circulatory system.
• 1957 Daniel Bovet wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957 Daniel Bovet, for synthetic compounds that block substances in the body, including the first antihistamines and muscle relaxants.
• 1958 Beadle, Tatum and Lederberg win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 George Beadle and Edward Tatum for showing that genes regulate chemical events, and Joshua Lederberg for genetic recombination in bacteria.
• 1959 Ochoa and Kornberg win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg, for discovering how RNA and DNA are synthesised.
• 1960 Burnet and Medawar win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960 Frank Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar, for discovering acquired immunological tolerance.
• 1961 Georg von Békésy wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961 Georg von Békésy, for discovering how sound stimulates the cochlea.
• 1962 Watson, Crick and Wilkins awarded the Nobel Prize The 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine honors the DNA discovery In 1962, James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids. Because the Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumously and Franklin had died four years earlier, her contribution went unrecognized by the committee, fueling decades of subsequent debate about the extent to which her experimental data had been essential to the discovery.
• 1963 Eccles, Hodgkin and Huxley win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963 John Eccles, Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley, for the ionic mechanisms of the nerve cell membrane.
• 1964 Bloch and Lynen win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964 Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen, for discoveries on the metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids.
• 1965 Jacob, Lwoff and Monod win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965 François Jacob, André Lwoff and Jacques Monod, for discoveries on the genetic control of enzymes and virus synthesis.
• 1966 Rous and Huggins win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966 Peyton Rous for discovering tumour-inducing viruses, and Charles Huggins for hormonal treatment of prostate cancer.
• 1967 Granit, Hartline and Wald win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967 Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline and George Wald, for discoveries on the physiology and chemistry of vision.
• 1968 Holley, Khorana and Nirenberg win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968 Robert Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall Nirenberg, for interpreting the genetic code and its role in protein synthesis.
• 1969 Delbrück, Hershey and Luria win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969 Max Delbrück, Alfred Hershey and Salvador Luria, for discoveries on the replication and genetic structure of viruses.
• 1970 Katz, von Euler and Axelrod win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970 Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler and Julius Axelrod, for discoveries on neurotransmitters and how they are stored, released and inactivated.
• 1971 Earl Sutherland wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971 Earl Sutherland, for discoveries on the mechanisms of hormone action.
• 1972 Edelman and Porter win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972 Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter, for discovering the chemical structure of antibodies.
• 1973 von Frisch, Lorenz and Tinbergen win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973 Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen, for discoveries on individual and social behaviour patterns in animals.
• 1974 Claude, de Duve and Palade win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974 Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and George Palade, for discoveries on the structure and function of the cell.
• 1975 Baltimore, Dulbecco and Temin win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard Temin, for discoveries on how tumour viruses interact with the genetic material of the cell.
• 1976 Blumberg and Gajdusek win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976 Baruch Blumberg and Carleton Gajdusek, for discoveries on new mechanisms of infectious diseases, including hepatitis B and kuru.
• 1977 Guillemin, Schally and Yalow win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally for peptide hormones of the brain, and Rosalyn Yalow for the radioimmunoassay.
• 1978 Arber, Nathans and Smith win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith, for discovering restriction enzymes and their use in molecular genetics.
• 1979 Cormack and Hounsfield win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979 Allan Cormack and Godfrey Hounsfield, for developing computed tomography — the CT scanner.
• 1980 Benacerraf, Dausset and Snell win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980 Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George Snell, for discoveries on genetically determined cell-surface structures that regulate immune reactions.
• 1981 Sperry, Hubel and Wiesel win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981 Roger Sperry for the specialisation of the brain hemispheres, and David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel for how the visual system processes information.
• 1982 Bergström, Samuelsson and Vane win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982 Sune Bergström, Bengt Samuelsson and John Vane, for discoveries on prostaglandins.
• 1983 Barbara McClintock wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 Barbara McClintock, for discovering mobile genetic elements — jumping genes.
• 1984 Jerne, Köhler and Milstein win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984 Niels Jerne, Georges Köhler and César Milstein, for theories on the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies.
• 1985 Brown and Goldstein win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985 Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein, for discoveries on the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.
• 1986 Cohen and Levi-Montalcini win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini, for discovering growth factors.
• 1987 Susumu Tonegawa wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine as the sole recipient for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity. He was the first Japanese scientist to win a Nobel Prize in the medical sciences.
• 1988 Black, Elion and Hitchings win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 James Black, Gertrude Elion and George Hitchings, for important principles of drug treatment.
• 1989 Bishop and Varmus win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989 Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus, for discovering the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.
• 1990 Murray and Thomas win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990 Joseph Murray and Donnall Thomas, for discoveries on organ and bone marrow transplantation.
• 1991 Neher and Sakmann win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991 Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, for discoveries on single ion channels in cells.
• 1992 Fischer and Krebs win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992 Edmond Fischer and Edwin Krebs, for discovering reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulating mechanism.
• 1993 Roberts and Sharp win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, shared with Richard J. Roberts, for their independent discoveries of split genes. The Nobel committee cited the discovery as having been of fundamental importance for basic research in biology and for medical research on cancer and other diseases.
• 1994 Gilman and Rodbell win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994 Alfred Gilman and Martin Rodbell, for discovering G-proteins and their role in signal transduction.
• 1995 Lewis, Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995 Edward Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus, for discoveries on the genetic control of early embryonic development.
• 1996 Doherty and Zinkernagel win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996 Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel, for discoveries on how the immune system recognises virus-infected cells.
• 1997 Stanley Prusiner wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997 Stanley Prusiner, for discovering prions — a new biological principle of infection.
• 1998 Furchgott, Ignarro and Murad win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998 Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro and Ferid Murad, for discovering nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.
• 1999 Günter Blobel wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999 Günter Blobel, for discovering that proteins carry signals that govern their transport within the cell.
• 2000 Carlsson, Greengard and Kandel win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000 Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel, for discoveries on signal transduction in the nervous system.
• 2001 Hartwell, Hunt and Nurse win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001 Leland Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Paul Nurse, for discovering key regulators of the cell cycle.
• 2002 Brenner, Horvitz and Sulston win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 Sydney Brenner, Robert Horvitz and John Sulston, for discoveries on the genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death.
• 2003 Lauterbur and Mansfield win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003 Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield, for discoveries that made magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) possible.
• 2004 Axel and Buck win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004 Richard Axel and Linda Buck, for discovering odorant receptors and the organisation of the sense of smell.
• 2005 Marshall and Warren win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005 Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, for discovering that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis and stomach ulcers.
• 2006 Fire and Mello win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine His former doctoral student Andrew Fire was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of RNA interference, a gene-silencing mechanism. The award underscored the extraordinary influence of Sharp's laboratory on the field of RNA biology.
• 2007 Capecchi, Evans and Smithies win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans and Oliver Smithies, for the principles of modifying genes in mice with embryonic stem cells.
• 2008 zur Hausen, Barré-Sinoussi and Montagnier win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 Harald zur Hausen for discovering that papilloma viruses cause cervical cancer, and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for discovering HIV.
• 2009 Blackburn, Greider and Szostak win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak, for discovering how telomeres and the enzyme telomerase protect chromosomes.
• 2010 Robert Edwards wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010 Robert Edwards, for developing in vitro fertilisation (IVF).
• 2011 Beutler, Hoffmann and Steinman win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 Bruce Beutler and Jules Hoffmann for the activation of innate immunity, and Ralph Steinman for discovering dendritic cells. Steinman died three days before the announcement.
• 2012 Gurdon and Yamanaka win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka, for discovering that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent stem cells.
• 2013 Rothman, Schekman and Südhof win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013 James Rothman, Randy Schekman and Thomas Südhof, for the machinery that regulates vesicle traffic in cells.
• 2014 O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser, for discovering the brain's positioning system.
• 2015 Campbell, Ōmura and Tu Youyou win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015 William Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura for a therapy against roundworm infections, and Tu Youyou for artemisinin against malaria.
• 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi, for discovering the mechanisms of autophagy.
• 2017 Hall, Rosbash and Young win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017 Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael Young, for discovering the molecular mechanisms that control the circadian rhythm.
• 2018 Allison and Honjo win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018 James Allison and Tasuku Honjo, for cancer therapy by releasing the brakes on the immune system.
• 2019 Kaelin, Ratcliffe and Semenza win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019 William Kaelin, Peter Ratcliffe and Gregg Semenza, for discovering how cells sense and adapt to oxygen.
• 2020 Alter, Houghton and Rice win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020 Harvey Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles Rice, for discovering the hepatitis C virus.
• 2021 Julius and Patapoutian win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021 David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian, for discovering receptors for temperature and touch.
• 2022 Svante Pääbo wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022 Svante Pääbo, for discoveries on the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.
• 2023 Karikó and Weissman win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, for the nucleoside base modifications that made the mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 possible.
• 2024 Ambros and Ruvkun win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024 Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun, for discovering microRNA and its role in gene regulation.
• 2025 Brunkow, Ramsdell and Sakaguchi win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi, for discoveries on peripheral immune tolerance.
• 2026 Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2026 Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel, for discoveries concerning light-gated ion channels and optogenetics — the technique that switches nerve cells on and off with light.