Dashed left edge = started before October 1869 ·
Dashed right edge = ongoing beyond October 1869
Events in October 1869 4
1804 – 1869Franklin Pierce14th President — Bleeding KansasFranklin Pierce (Nov 23, 1804 – Oct 8, 1869) was the 14th President 1853-1857. His signing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act reignited the slavery debate and led to "Bleeding Kansas," accelerating the path to the Civil War.
1869 – 1948GandhiNon-violent resistanceMahatma Gandhi led India's independence movement through non-violent civil disobedience. His philosophy inspired civil rights movements worldwide.
1869 – 1948Mahatma GandhiLeader of non-violent independence struggleMohandas K. Gandhi led India's independence movement through the philosophy of satyagraha — non-violent civil disobedience — mobilising millions in campaigns such as the 1930 Salt March. Revered as the father of the nation, he was assassinated in 1948, months after independence.
1869Cornell University opensNew university holds its first classes in Ithaca, New YorkCornell University opened its doors in Ithaca, New York, admitting its first class under co-founders Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White. The university was distinctive for its nonsectarian character and its founding principle of instruction in any study. It grew into one of the leading research universities in the United States.