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Events on Thursday 13 November 1823 1
1823French invasion of SpainHundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis restore Ferdinand VIIA French army authorized by the Congress of Verona crossed into Spain to crush the liberal Trienio Liberal government and restore the absolute rule of King Ferdinand VII. French forces took Madrid and besieged Cadiz, where the liberal Cortes and the captive king were based. The campaign ended Spain's constitutional experiment and ushered in a decade of repressive absolutist rule.